In this regard, recent progress in the application of CBs in bone diseases has been reviewed, with the expectation to provide a new direction for the clinical treatment of bone diseases. Preclinical studies in animal models demonstrated that CBs could alleviate the development of arthritis, prevent osteoporosis (OP), inhibit bone tumor cell proliferation, reduce bone cancer pain and improve fracture healing ( Smoum et al., 2015 Carnovali et al., 2016 Frei et al., 2016 Marino et al., 2019 Yan et al., 2019). Several research groups have reported ECS expression in bone and synovial tissues and its important role in bone metabolism ( Carnovali et al., 2016 Ehrenkranz and Levine, 2019 Dou et al., 2020). A new CB drug (sativex) has also be approved in Germany for the treatment of intractable muscle spasm caused by multiple sclerosis ( Grotenhermen and Müller-Vahl, 2012). Nabilone has also been approved in the United Kingdom (UK) for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced adverse effects in cancer patients. Marinol (dronabinol), a cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1) agonist, has been approved in the United States of America (USA) for the clinical treatment of nausea and vomiting, and anorexia caused by cytostasis or AIDS. The ECS is recognized to play a significant role in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including appetite control, pain perception, and immune regulation ( Idris and Ralston, 2010 Robson, 2014). With the discovery of endocannabinoids, a great number of studies have investigated the physiological functions of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Subsequently in 1995, the second eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was also discovered ( Mechoulam et al., 1995). discovered the first endocannabinoid (eCB) N-arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide (AEA) as the endogenous ligand of CBR in the pig brain ( Devane et al., 1992). Nearly 30 years later, a specific cannabinoid receptor (CBR) was identified as the target of THC ( Devane et al., 1988 Munro et al., 1993). However, it was not until 1964 that its major active chemical component delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), also known as dronabinol, was discovered ( Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964). In the late 19th century, European people began using cannabis to treat pain, muscle spasms, asthma, insomnia, depression and anorexia. As early as in 2600 B.C., cannabis was already used in treating malaria, constipation, pain and dysmenorrhoea in China ( Mechoulam, 1986 Grinspoon, 1993). Preclinical studies using cannabis-based therapies in animal models have shown that cannabinoids (CBs) can alleviate the development of osteoarthritis (OA), prevent osteoporosis (OP), reduce cancer-induced osteolytic destruction, and improve fracture healing, highlighting the therapeutic potential of CBs for human bone diseases.Ĭonclusions: The present review summarizes various components of the ECS in bone diseases and their potential as a therapeutic target.Ĭannabis Sativa has been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years. Results: Many studies have demonstrated that endocannabinoids (eCBs) and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are expressed in bone and synovial tissues, playing important roles in bone metabolism. Methods: Check out the research on ECS and bone diseases in the past 20 years. Cannabinoids have been approved for the clinical treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytostatic therapy or cancer chemotherapy, loss of appetite in HIV/AIDS-associated cachexia, refractory spasms induced by multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and urinary incontinence. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Chinaīackground: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in multiple physiological processes, including appetite regulation, pain perception, motor function development, and immune response regulation.Yuqi Xin † Anqun Tang † Shuting Pan Jie Zhang*
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